Features

  Latin name Populus tremula
  Family Salicaceae (willow family)
  Distribution Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, Siberia
  Height 8 to 20 m
  Age Up to 100 years
  Roots Shallow lateral or heart root system
  Bark Smooth, yellowish-grey with bands of cork warts; becomes blackish-grey and longitudinally fissured as it ages.
  Leaves Alternate, ovate to nearly circular; margin serrated with rounded teeth; long, laterally compressed stalks. Yellow to orange autumnal colouring.
  Flowers Dioecious, 5 to 10 cm long hanging catkins, male catkins greyish with red anthers, female catkins green with red stigmas. Wind-pollinated.
  Flowering period March and April
  Fruits Seed capsules with numerous seeds embedded in woolly fluff, dispersed in bundles.
  Fruit period End of May
  Alternative names Common aspen, Eurasian or European aspen, quaking or trembling aspen

 

Populus tremula

The aspen is a native deciduous tree with a slender trunk and loose crown belonging to the willow family. It is widely distributed in Europe, Siberia, North Africa, and Anatolia.

The leaves of aspens are round to heart-shaped and tremble at the slightest breeze - hence the latin species name "tremula," meaning trembling. This trembling is attributed to the special structure of the long leaf stalk, which is flattened orthogonal to the leaf blade.

The aspen thrives on dry, nutrient-poor plots in sunny environments such as clearings, industrial fallow land, along railway tracks, and after forest fires, where it often appears as a pioneer species and forms larger groups due to extensive root sprouting.

The propensity of the American trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) to form clonal colonies led to the formation of the oldest and heaviest known living organism on Earth, the Pando (from Latin "pandere," meaning to spread), in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah, USA. The entire clonal colony (genet) covers an area of 43.6 hectares, counts about 47’000 stems, and is estimated to be 14’000 years old. The stems are connected via rhizomes, forming a single large organism. While some stems die off and new ones appear, the colony as a whole persists.

Ecology

Wind mediates both the pollination and seed dispersal of aspens. However, honeybees do visit the extrafloral nectaries to collect honeydew. The leaves of the aspen are an important food source for the native butterflies. Nearly 90 butterfly species use them as larval food, including the white satin moth, the poplar hawk-moth, the three-humped prominent and the lesser purple emperor. Also numerous beetles feed on their leaves.

Wood

No other native wood is as light and soft as the wood of aspen trees. It is odourless, elastic, and almost entirely white without a differently coloured core. It hardly splinters during processing. Therefore, it finds wide usage in the production of matches, saunas, wooden shoes, prostheses, blinds, troughs for dough kneading or slaughtering, hat forms, drawing boards, as carving wood, and in the cellulose industry.
Furthermore, it is used in the packaging industry for fruit and vegetable crates, chip baskets, cheese boxes, gift packaging, crates, pallets, and as lightweight wooden filling elements for containers.